Provides food and cover for birds and mammals. Seeds are eaten by waterfowl, and dense thickets offer nesting sites.
sandy, loamy, silty, clay, rich, moist
Speckled Alder is native to eastern and central Canada including Ontario and across the Great Lakes region. It grows in wetlands, streambanks, swamps, bogs, and marshes. It spreads by rhizomes and can form dense thickets stabilizing soil and preventing erosion. It is excellent for shoreline stabilization. A good option for a wet/waterlogged site. Speckled Alder is well-adapted to nutrient-poor soils because of its nitrogen-fixing capabilities. This allows it to grow in disturbed or degraded sites.
3
Amelanchier alnifolia
Saskatoon
Rosaceae
3 m
spring
white
full sun, part-shade
moist moderate/mesic, dry, well-drained
Yes
It is insect pollinated, flowers support nectar feeders and the birds eat the fruit.
sandy, loamy, rocky, preference for slightly acidic soils
A widespread distribution across Canada from Ontario to BC. More commonly associated with central to western Canada (prairies and Boreal Forests) species but its distribution does come Into Ontario, including our Great Lakes region. It sends up suckers and will form thickets. It naturally grows in dry, open woodlands, rocky outcrops, and edges of forests and fields.
In Eastern Ontario you can also find shadblow serviceberry (Amelanchier canadensis) or smooth serviceberry (Amelanchier laevis), and these two are the more commonly found eastern Ontario serviceberry species.
4
Amelanchier canadensis
Shadblow Serviceberry
Rosaceae
4.5 m
spring
white
full sun, part shade
well-drained
Yes, once established.
The flowers provide early nectar for pollinators such as bees, while the berries serve as a food source for birds and mammals.
sandy, loamy, prefers slightly acidic but can tolerate a range of pH
Known for its early spring flowers. It is found naturally in Eastern Canada including Ontario (and the southern Great Lakes region), Quebec and the Atlantic provinces. It grows in wooded areas ,along streambanks, edges of meadows and open mixed woodlands. It can also be considered a small tree. Its roots help stabilize soils in riparian zones and prevent erosion. The fruit is eaten fresh or used in culinary applications like jams, jellies, and baked goods.
5
Amorpha canescens
Leadplant
Leguminosae
90 cm
early to mid summer
purple
Full Sun/Part Shade
Dry, well-drained
YES
The plant provides important habitat for pollinators like bees and butterflies. The seeds are also a food source for some wildlife species. It is also a larval host plant to butterflies and moths.
sandy, loamy
A showy shrub-like plant in the pea family. It naturally occurs in central North America, primarily central U.S. into southern regions of Ontario and in open woodlands, prairies, and meadow-like habitats. It prefers calcareous soils, basic or alkaline conditions. Historically, it was more widespread across the southern part of the province, today its present in isolated populations in southwestern Ontario. Leadplant produces showy, purple to blue-violet flowers in dense spikes. It is a larval host plant, supports nectar feeders, and foliage can be browsed by mammals. It has a deep taproot, which helps it to survive in drought-prone environments. a nitrogen-fixing plant, meaning it can convert nitrogen from the air into a form that plants can use. This makes it valuable for improving soil fertility. Leadplant can be both monoecious or dioecious, best to plant more than one for improved seed production.
6
Amorpha fruticosa
False Indigo Bush
Leguminosae
3 m
summer
purple
Full Sun/Part Shade
moderate/mesic, dry, well-drained
Yes
Supports nectar feeders and is a larval host plant to several butterflies and moths.
sandy or loamy soils, clay loam
A showy legume that is able to grow on difficult soils. Its native habitats include stream and pond edges, open woods, and roadsides across central to Eastern North America with isolated populations extending into southwestern Ontario. It is monoecious, meaning that individual plants have both male and female.
7
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Bearberry
Ericaceae
10 cm
late spring/early summer
white
full sun, part-shade
dry, well-drained
yes
The berries are consumed by bears (hence the name), birds, and other animals. Provides shelter for small ground-nesting birds and insects. A larval host plant for Elfin bufferflies.
poor, sandy, rocky, acidic, well-drained
Found particularly in the Canadian Shield region and occurs sporadically in southern Ontario, typically in specialized habitats such as sandy, open areas or rocky barrens. It is present in Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forests and extends into boreal regions. It grows in sandy areas along the Great Lakes, rocky outcrops, pine barrens, and open forests.
It has small, leathery, and evergreen, with a shiny green surface that turns reddish in winter. Can be used as evergreen groundcover. Bright red berries that persist into winter and are a food source for wildlife.
Its creeping habit and dense root system make it an excellent choice for stabilizing slopes and sandy soils.
Often used in native plant gardens for its drought tolerance and evergreen foliage.
8
Aronia melanocarpa
Black Chokeberry
Rosaceae
1.5 m
late spring
white
part shade
moist, wet, moderate/mesic
No
The nectar-rich flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Fruits are a food source for birds. Provides shelter for small mammals and ground-nesting birds.
sandy, loamy, clay, rocky
Naturally found in wetlands, bogs, forest edges, and open fields across eastern North America, including southern and central Ontario. Glossy, dark green leaves that turn vibrant red, orange, or purple in fall.. It sends up suckers and will form thickets.
Consider using in rain gardens and wetland restorations. Its fibrous root system stabilizes soils, especially in wet areas or slopes.
Small, black berries (technically pomes) that ripen in late summer to early fall.
Its fall foliage and persistent berries add year-round interest.
9
Ceanothus americanus
New Jersey Tea
Rhamnaceae
< 1m
summer
white
full sun, part-shade
dry, moderate/mesic, well-drained
yes
Fragrant flowers attract pollinators like bees and butterflies. Provides habitat and shelter for small wildlife.
sandy, loamy, gravelly, poor, dry
Found in dry, sandy soils, prairies, and open woodlands, especially in eastern North America and common in the Great Lakes region. A low-growing shrub with attractive flower heads and a round, bushy shape. Small, clustered, creamy white to pale pink flowers, borne in dense, rounded clusters (panicles) at the tips of the stems. Blooms in late spring to early summer (June to July). Flowers are fragrant and attract pollinators like bees and butterflies.
New Jersey tea is a nitrogen-fixing plant. It forms a symbiotic relationship with soil bacteria to enrich the soil with nitrogen, improving soil fertility for other plants.
New Jersey tea is popular in native plant gardens, especially for its drought tolerance, low-maintenance growth, and its role in attracting pollinators.
It is also used in restoration projects to improve soil health and provide habitat for wildlife.
Historically, Native Americans used the dried leaves of New Jersey tea as a tea substitute, especially during the American Revolution when traditional tea supplies were scarce. The leaves are mildly astringent and can be brewed as a herbal tea. While it's generally regarded as safe in small quantities, overconsumption could cause digestive issues due to its astringent nature. Always verify proper preparation methods before use.
10
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Buttonbush
Rubiaceae
2 m
summer
white
full sun, part-shade
Wet, moist, can tolerate flooding
no
The flowers attract a variety of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. Birds and small mammals consume the seeds, while the dense foliage offers shelter and nesting sites. Waterfowl like ducks and shorebirds may also use the plant’s structure in wetland areas.
sandy, loamy, clay, as long as they retain moisture. Can tolerate alkaline but prefers acidic to neutral conditions.
Naturally found in our Ontario wetland habitats, including areas like marshes, swamps, and along stream banks. It is known for its unique, spherical flower clusters and its adaptability to wet conditions, making it a great choice for wetland restoration and native plant gardens. It is suitable for erosion control and shoreline rehabilitation projects. Buttonbush is adapted to floodplain environments and can thrive in areas that experience periodic flooding.
After flowering, buttonbush produces small, brown, ball-shaped seed heads that persist into the winter, providing interest in colder months.
11
Cornus alternifolia
Pagoda Dogwood
Cornaceae
5 m
late spring
creamy-white
part shade,shade
moist, well-drained - can tolerate some dry conditions but flourishes in consistently moist like in a woodland
yes
A nectar source for pollinators. The berries are eaten by birds and small mammals. Foliage is browsed by deer and rabbits. It is a larval host plant for Spring Azure.
loamy, clay, silty, rich/organic
Pagoda Dogwood is found in the southern and eastern parts of Ontario. It grows in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence and mixedwood plains regions of the province. Commonly found in moist, well-drained woodlands, particularly in shaded areas or at the edges of forests, along streambanks, or in floodplains. It is a great understory shrub in a woodland garden.
12
Cornus amomum; Cornus obliqua
Silky Dogwood
Cornaceae
3 m
early summer
creamy-white
full sun, part shade
moist, drained
no
A nectar source for pollinators. It produced blue berries that are eaten by birds and small mammals. Its dense, bushy form provides cover for wildlife, particularly for birds and small mammals.
loamy, clay, silty
Silky Dogwood is found in southern Ontario, particularly in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest and Carolinian zone. It can grow as part of a thicket, along ditches, marshes or streams, floodplains, riparian zones, wet meadows and swamps. Its extensive root system helps to stabilize soil, especially in wetland areas or along riverbanks and stream banks. Silky Dogwood is planted for its attractive flowers, berries, and colorful stems. It's ideal for rain gardens, wetland restoration projects, or wildlife gardens. Its resistance to deer browsing and ability to grow in a variety of soils make it a good candidate for naturalized landscaping.
Silky Dogwood is dioecious, meaning it has separate male and female plants. To produce fruit, both a male and female plant are required for cross-pollination.
13
Cornus canadensis
Bunchberry
Cornaceae
< 20 cm
spring
creamy-white
part-shade, shade
moist, wet (but not waterlogged)
no
The berries are eaten by birds and small mammals and are important for wildlife. The small flowers attract bees, flies, and ants for pollination.
sandy-loam, loamy, rich, organic
Bunchberry is found across Ontario, especially in the northern and eastern regions. It grows in the boreal forests and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest zones. It's a small low growing perennial plant. It is an attractive groundcover and spreads by rhizomes. It grows in woodlands, bogs, wetlands, and shady, moist forest floors. It prefers cool, damp, and acidic environments, often growing alongside other forest floor plants such as ferns and mosses.
After flowering, red berries develop in the summer and ripen by late summer to fall. These berries are eaten by birds and small mammals and are important for wildlife.
15
Cornus racemosa, Cornus foemina
Gray Dogwood
Cornaceae
2 m
early summer
creamy-white
full sun, part-shade
moist, mesic, well-drained
Yes
It is a nectar source for pollinators. The white berries are eaten by birds and small mammals. It is a larval host plant for Spring Azure butterfly.
sandy, loamy, clay, gravelly
Often planted in wildlife gardens, wetland restorations, or riparian plantings. Thicket forming. White berries are borne on brilliant red stalks. Works well in hedgerows or as a privacy screen due to its dense growth habit.
16
Cornus stolonifera, Cornus sericea
Red Osier Dogwood
Cornaceae
2.5 m
early summer
white
full sun, part-shade
moderate, moist, wet, can tolerate periodic flooding
Moderately drought tolerant once established
Provides shelter and food for birds, small mammals, and pollinators. Flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. A larval host plant for several species of moths and butterflies including Spring Azure.
sandy, loamy, silty, clay, rich
It is a versatile and hardy plant commonly found in wetlands, stream banks, and forest edges. It is an attractive, red-stemmed shrub that spreads into colonies. It provides striking colour in winter landscapes. It is a versatile and hardy plant commonly found in wetlands, stream banks, and forest edges.
Its extensive, fibrous root system stabilizes soil, making it ideal for erosion control along banks and slopes.
Use in rain gardens, wetland restoration, shoreline restoration, bank stabilization, in hedgerows and in naturalized areas.
17
Corylus americana
American Hazelnut
Betulaceae
2 m
early spring
catkins
full sun, part shade
drained
Yes
The nuts are eaten by mammals and birds.
sandy, loamy, clay
In Ontario, American Hazelnut is primarily found naturally growing in the southern and southeastern parts of the province. It suckers from the roots and will form colonies. The female flower is inconspicuous. It is monoecious, meaning that a single plant has both male and female flowers, but they are separate on the same plant. Better nut production does come from cross pollination between various plants.
18
Corylus cornuta
Beaked Hazelnut
Betulaceae
2 m
early spring
catkins
full sun, part-shade
moist, mesic, well-drained
yes
The nuts are eaten by mammals and birds.
sandy, loamy, rich/fertile
Beaked Hazelnut is found throughout most of Ontario, particularly in the southern and central parts of the province. It suckers from the roots and will form colonies. The female flower is inconspicuous. Beaked Hazelnut thrives in dry woodlands, forest edges, and moist, well-drained sites.
The plant produces small hazelnuts (nuts), which are enclosed in a beaked husk. The nuts ripen in late summer to early fall and are edible, although the husks are quite distinctive and give the species its common name.
Beaked Hazelnut has both male (catkins) and female flowers on the same plant, meaning one plant can produce nuts if pollinated. They do however achieve better nut production through cross-pollination between separate plants.
The nuts of Beaked Hazelnut are edible and have a mild, sweet flavor, although they are smaller than the cultivated varieties of hazelnuts. They are often used in snacking, baking, or even foraged food.
19
Diervilla lonicera
Bush Honeysuckle
Caprifoliaceae
< 1 m
early summer
yellow-orange-red
full sun, part-shade, shade
moderate/mesic
Yes, once established.
The flowers are attractive to bees, hummingbirds, and other pollinators. The fruit is a small, dark brown to red capsule, containing seeds that are eaten by birds.
sandy, loamy clay, rocky
In Ontario, it is found naturally growing in wooded areas, forest edges, and along stream banks. The fruit is a slender capsule and flowers are adapted for pollination by bumblebees and hawkmoths. It spreads by stolons (runners).
Diervilla lonicera has both male and female reproductive parts in each flower, so a single plant can produce flowers and fruit on its own.
20
Dirca palustris
Leatherwood
Thymelaeaceae
1.5 m
early spring
pale yellow
part shade,shade
moist
no
early nectar source for insects
rich
Leatherwood grows in Ontario woodlands and thrives in moist, well-drained soils and is commonly found in forests and deep woods. The shrub produces small, fragrant yellow flowers in early spring before the leaves emerge. The twigs are very flexible.
21
Euonymus obovatus
Running Strawberry-bush
Celastraceae
trailing
late spring, summer
greenish-purple
part shade, shade
drained
YES
food source for pollinators, birds and mammals
loamy, rocky
This plant is naturally found in southwestern Ontario to Toronto. Running Strawberry Bush prefers partial sun to medium shade, moist to slightly dry conditions, and loamy or rocky soils. It is found in upland rocky woodlands, wooded slopes.
23
Gaultheria procumbens
Wintergreen
Ericaceae
10-15 cm
early summer
white
part shade,shade
moist, moderate, moderate-dry, well-drained
yes
Berries are consumed by small mammals, birds, and some larger animals, particularly in winter when food is scarce. The plant’s leaves are a source of food for certain insects.
gravelly, sandy
A low-growing, evergreen shrub native to North America. Found naturally growing in deciduous and mixed woodlands in the southern and eastern regions of the Ontario. It naturally grows in forested areas, particularly in woodland understories or moist, shaded forest floors. It is known for its aromatic leaves, small white flowers, and bright red berries that persist through winter.
Grows with trailing stems that spread to form a low groundcover. The leathery, glossy leaves are dark green and have a minty scent when crushed, which is characteristic of wintergreen. Bright red berries that ripen in late summer and can persist throughout the winter.
Wintergreen has both male and female reproductive organs in the same plant, meaning a single plant can produce both flowers and berries.
24
Hamamelis virginiana
Witch Hazel
Hamamelidaceae
3.5 m
fall
yellow
full sun, part-shade
moist, moderate, well-drained
yes
The flowers provide nectar for late-season pollinators like bees. It is a larval host plant to spring azure butterfly. The seeds are eaten by small mammals and birds.
sandy-loam, loamy, silty
Witch Hazel is native to eastern North America, including southern Ontario, parts of Quebec, and the eastern United States. In southern Ontario it naturally grows in areas like forest edges, wooded hillsides, and stream banks. It is a late blooming shrub grows well in woodland gardens at edge or understory.
Monoecious: Witch Hazel has both male and female reproductive organs on the same plant.
26
Hypericum prolificum
Shrubby St. John'swort
Hypericaceae
1 m
summer
yellow
full sun, part-shade
moderate/mesic
yes
Attracts pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and beetles. Provides seeds for birds and small mammals.
sandy, loamy, rocky, well-drained
Native to eastern and central North America, including southern Ontario particularly near the Great Lakes and parts of Eastern Ontario and eastern Quebec. It is great and hardy option for pollinator gardens and rock gardens. Naturally occurs in dry uplands, prairies, rocky slopes, open woodlands, and along roadsides.
Perfect for wildlife gardens, xeriscaping, or as a border shrub. The bright flowers and unique foliage add vibrant mid-summer interest. Can handle roadside or urban conditions with moderate salt exposure.
27
Ilex verticillata
Winterberry
Aquifoliaceae
3.5 m
spring
greenish to yellowish-white
full sun, part-shade
wet, moist
no
Berries feed birds in winter. Dense shrubs provide shelter for small animals.
sandy, loamy, peaty soils, moist, acidic soils
Found in southern and eastern regions of Ontario, especially around the Great Lakes. It thrives in wet areas like swamps, bogs, and along waterways and in floodplains. It is moderately drought-tolerant when established. Adds winter interest with its bright red berries that persist through winter.
It is dioecious, requires male and female plants for berry production.
Ideal for wetland areas, waters edge, and naturalized gardens with moist conditions.
30
Lindera benzoin
Spicebush
Lauraceae
3 m
early spring
yellow
shade, part-shade, can grow in full sun with consistent moisture but well-drained
moist, moderate/mesic
no
Spicebush is an important early-spring nectar source for bees and other pollinators. It is also a host plant for swallowtail butterflies, primarily the Spicebush Swallowtail. It supports nectar feeders. The berries are consumed by birds, such as thrushes, waxwings, and sparrows, and small mammals. The foliage provides cover for various animals, and the aromatic leaves help repel herbivores.
loamy, rich, moist, well-drained
Spicebush is found naturally in woodlands, forest edges, and riparian zones across eastern North America and in southern Ontario around the Great Lakes, particularly Lake Erie and Lake Ontario and Ontario's Carolinian Zone (southwestern Ontario). It typically grows in moist, well-drained soils, often in the understory of deciduous forests.
It is an upright, multi-stemmed shrub with a spreading, rounded form. Spicebush produces tiny, yellow-green flowers appear in early spring before the leaves emerge. These flowers are clustered in small groups along the branches, and while not showy, they are attractive to pollinators. After flowering, female plants produce bright red berries that are about 1 cm (0.4 inches) in diameter. These berries are attractive to birds and other wildlife.
It is well-suited for naturalized gardens, wildlife habitats, and shaded areas. It produced bright red berry-like drupes that have a spicy aroma.
31
Mitchella repens
Partridgeberry
Rubiaceae
ground cover
early summer
white
Full shade, part-shade
Mesic/moderate
Yes
Attracts pollinators such as bees. The berries are edible and consumed by various birds and small mammals, particularly in winter when food is scarce.
A small, evergreen ground cover plant native widespread in North America and naturally found in woodlands, forests, and forest edges across southern and central Ontario. It is known for its trailing habit, fragrant white flowers, and red berries. It thrives in woodland environments, making it an excellent choice for shaded areas and woodland gardens or restorations. It forms a low, carpet-like spread on the forest floor.
It produces small, tubular, white or pink flowers appear in late spring to early summer. The flowers have a sweet fragrance and are attractive to pollinators like bees. Bright red, berry-like fruits develop in late summer and remain through the winter, adding color to the plant even in colder months. The berries are edible but have a mild taste.
Partridgeberry is dioecious, meaning male and female flowers are found on separate plants. Both male and female plants are needed for fruit production, as only the female flowers produce the berries.
32
Myrica gale
Sweet Gale
Myricaceae
1 m
early spring
catkins
full sun, part-shade
wet, moist (often growing in standing water)
no
attracts birds and provides protection to shoreline creatures
Naturally growing in Ontario's wetlands, bogs and swampy areas. It is known for its fragrant leaves, wetlands habitat, and tolerance of a wide range of growing conditions. Sweet gale is often found in bogs, marshes, and other wetland areas. It prefers wet, acidic, and poorly drained soils. It is a good options for a spreading low-growing shoreline shrub, and planting in bog gardens, wetland restoration projects, or perhaps in a rain garden that sees more consistent moisture.
The plant is dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers are on separate plants. After pollination, female plants produce small, round, dark brown or grayish fruits that are covered in a waxy coating.
33
Physocarpus opulifolius
Ninebark
Rosaceae
2.5 m
late spring/early summer
white
full sun, part-shade
moist, moderate/mesic
moderately, once established.
Flowers are highly attractive to bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. The fruits and branches provide food and shelter for birds and small mammals.
sandy, loamy, clay (but not waterlogged)
Native to eastern North America, through the Great Lakes, northeastern U.S. and into parts of the Midwest. Naturally found in southern Ontario, particularly along riverbanks, wetlands, and in disturbed areas. It grows well on poor soils along shorelines or edges of thickets. It has attractive clusters of flowers that are small, white or pink flowers that appear in clusters during late spring to early summer. The fruits are technically capsules that contain seeds. As the flowers are pollinated, they develop into clusters of dry, papery capsules.
Ninebark’s attractive foliage, flowers, and bark make it a popular choice for ornamental plantings, hedges, and foundation plantings. The vibrant red and yellow fall foliage adds seasonal interest. Its spreading roots help stabilize soil in areas prone to erosion, such as riverbanks or slopes. Once established, it requires little care and is resistant to many pests and diseases.
Ninebark is monoecious, meaning that each plant has both male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers, usually on the same individual shrub. allowing the plant to produce seed through self-pollination, though cross-pollination with another plant can often enhance seed production.
34
Potentilla (Dasifora) fruticosa
Shrubby Cinquefoil
Rosaceae
1 m
summer
yellow
full sun, part shade
dry, moderate, moist, can tolerate seasonal flooding
YES
Attracts bees, butterflies, and other insects due to its long blooming season. Provides cover for small mammals and birds.
sandy, loamy, rocky
Compact, mounding, or spreading shrub, naturally grows in meadows, wetlands, rocky slopes, and along streams. Widespread across Ontario, and more widely across Canada and the northern U.S. Its extensive root system helps stabilize soils in rocky or sandy areas. It can be a great option for naturalizations, gardens, and shoreline restoration (an attractive low-growing flowering shrub).
It grows well in dry to moderately moist soils, including poorly drained areas. and withstands occasional flooding. It is also drought tolerant once established.
Bright flowers, compact habit, and low maintenance make it a popular choice for borders, rock gardens, and mass plantings. Its a suitable option for stabilizing slopes or riverbanks. Also a suitable choice for xeriscaping.
It is monoecious, meaning that each plant has both male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers, usually on the same shrub.
36
Prunus virginiana
Chokecherry
Rosaceae
up to 9 m
mid to late spring
white
full sun, part-shade
dry, moderate, moist, well-drained
Yes
Flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Fruits are an important food source for birds, bears, and small mammals. Dense thickets provide shelter for wildlife. Larval host for several butterfly and moth species, including the tiger swallowtail.
sandy, loamy, clay
Widespread natural range across Canada and throughout Ontario and thrives in forest edges, woodlands, prairies, riverbanks, and disturbed areas. Can be a multi-stemmed shrub or a small tree, often forming thickets by suckering roots and can form thickets. It is known for its adaptability, clusters of white flowers, and small, dark, astringent berries that are highly valued by wildlife. Small, dark purple to black cherries ripen in late summer. They are tart and astringent when raw but can be used to make jams, syrups, and wines. An effective shrub for stabilizing soils on slopes or along streams and is ideal for supporting pollinators and providing food for birds and mammals.
37
Rhus aromatica
Fragrant Sumac
Anacardiaceae
1.5 m
mid to late spring
yellow
full sun, part-shade
dry, moderate, well-drained
Yes
Flowers provide nectar and pollen for bees, butterflies, and other insects. Fruits are a food source for birds and small mammals. Dense thickets offer shelter and nesting sites.
sandy, loamy, does well in rocky and shallow soils
A low-growing, spreading shrub found across the southern Ontario region. It is prized for its adaptability, pleasant fragrance, and vibrant fall foliage (turns orange to red in the fall). Naturally grows in dry woodlands, prairies, rocky slopes, and open areas. It’s an excellent choice for erosion control, ground cover, and wildlife-friendly landscaping. It does well on shallow rocky soils. It can form thickets and spreads. It is a great option for covering large areas, especially in challenging soils.
Small, yellow-green flowers bloom in early spring before the leaves emerge. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants (dioecious species). Female plants produce clusters of small, hairy, red drupes in late summer, which persist into winter.
38
Rhus typhina
Staghorn Sumac
Anacardiaceae
6 m
late spring, summer
greenish-yellow
full sun, part shade
dry, moderate, well-drained
Yes
It is pollinated by bees, wasps & flies. The fruit is eaten by birds and small mammals. The leaves and bark are browsed by deer and rabbits.
Grows throughout southern and central Ontario in open areas and along roadsides and is widespread across the Great Lakes region, southeastern Canada and northeastern U.S. It naturally grows in fields, roadsides, forest edges, rocky slopes, and disturbed areas. Root shoots form colonies. Female plants produce dense, upright clusters of red, velvety drupes (fruits) that persist into winter. Small, yellow-green flowers bloom in early summer. Male and female flowers are borne on separate plants (dioecious species).
40
Ribes cynosbati
Prickly Gooseberry
Grossulariaceae
1 m
late spring
greenish-yellow
part sun
dry, mesic, moderately moist (but not waterlogged)
Yes
Small, inconspicuous, greenish-yellow flowers bloom in early spring. They hang in clusters and attract pollinators, especially bees. Berries are a food source for birds, small mammals, and some larger wildlife. The thorny branches offer protection and shelter for various animals.
sandy, loamy, rocky
It is found in a variety of habitats, often in dry, wooded, or rocky areas, and is recognized for its spiny branches and tart berries. A low-growing shrub that can spread through suckering and often forms dense thickets. The branches are spiny or prickly, providing natural defense against browsing animals. It has green to pale yellow, prickly berries that ripen to a translucent reddish or purple color. The fruit is tart, making it suitable for jellies, preserves, or pies. Prickly gooseberry is an excellent plant for naturalizing woodland gardens, erosion control, or creating hedges for wildlife. It can help stabilize soil on slopes and disturbed areas due to its spreading habit.
41
Rosa blanda
Smooth Wild Rose
Rosaceae
>1 m
summer
pink
full sun, part shade
moist, mesic, dry, well-drained
yes
Flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Hips provide food for birds and mammals, while thickets offer shelter for small animals.
sandy, loamy, clay-loam, rocky
It’s common across Ontario and much of North America, thriving in a variety of habitats. It spreads by rhizomes and can create thickets. It is a low growing shrub naturally growing in in meadows, prairies, forest edges, rocky slopes, and along roadsides. Adaptable to dry, average, or slightly moist soils but not waterlogged conditions. Suitable for naturalized plantings, pollinator gardens, or prairie restoration projects. Effective for stabilizing soils on slopes and disturbed areas. Low-maintenance and drought-tolerant, making it an excellent choice for xeriscaping. Pairs well with other native plants like butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa), wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa), or switchgrass (Panicum virgatum).
42
Rosa carolina
Pasture Rose
Rosaceae
>1 m
summer
pink
full sun, part shade
mesic
YES
The flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. The hips provide food for birds, small mammals, and some larger wildlife. The dense thickets offer shelter and cover for wildlife.
sandy loam, loam, gravelly
Widespread across much of eastern and central North America, from southern Canada to the southeastern U.S. and as far west as the Great Plains. Found throughout Ontario and naturally grows in open woodlands, meadows, pastures, roadsides, and disturbed areas. Thrives in moderately moist to dry soils but does not like waterlogged conditions. Excellent for creating a naturalized or pollinator-friendly garden, as it supports both pollinators and seed-eating birds. It spreads by rhizomes and can help stabilize soil in disturbed areas due to its spreading nature. It is a hermaphroditic species, meaning each flower contains both male (stamens) and female (pistils) parts and so the plant is self-fertile but does benefit from cross pollination to enhance genetic diversity.
43
Rosa palustris
Swamp Rose
Rosaceae
>1 m
summer
pink
full sun, part shade
moist, wet, tolerates seasonal flooding
No
The flowers provide nectar and pollen for bees, butterflies, and other insects. Dense thickets offer cover for birds and small mammals, while the hips are an important winter food source.
loam, clay-loam, sandy soils with high organic matter, rich, acidic
Found in wetlands, marshes, swamps, and along stream banks. A native deciduous shrub that thrives in wetland habitats across Ontario and eastern North America. It spreads by rhizomes and is known for its delicate pink flowers and tolerance of wet conditions. Requires consistently moist to wet soils and is ideal for rain gardens, riparian zones, or water’s edge plantings. Helps stabilize soil in wet areas and along water bodies. Pairs well with other wetland plants like cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis), blue flag iris (Iris versicolor), and buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis).
44
Rubus allegheniensis
Common Blackberry
Rosaceae
2 m
late spring, summer
white
full sun, part shade
mesic, well-drained
No
Fruits are a food source for birds, mammals, and insects. Flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators.
sandy loam, loam, or silty soils, acidic
A perennial shrub known for its tasty, dark purple-edible black fruits. It is native to North America and widely distributed across Ontario and much of the continent. Found in open, sunny areas such as forest edges, fields, roadsides, and disturbed sites. It thrives in a variety of soil types but prefers well-drained and nutrient-rich soils. It is a fast-growing plant that forms thickets of great value to wildlife.
46
Rubus occidentalis
Black Raspberry
Rosaceae
2 m
late spring, summer
white
full sun, part shade
mesic
YES
Berries are highly attractive to birds and small mammals. The flowers support bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Thickets provide excellent cover for wildlife.
sandy, loamy
Common in southern and central Ontario, primarily in southern regions. It thrives in well-drained soils along woodland margins, in meadows, and on hillsides. It prefers areas with full sun to partial shade. Often called blackcap raspberry or simply blackcap, is a native bramble shrub renowned for its flavorful, nutritious berries, they are edible. It is fast-growing and spreads to form thickets and is of great value to wildlife. It adapts well to disturbed sites and can spread aggressively in suitable conditions.
47
Rubus odoratus
Purple Flowering Raspberry
Rosaceae
1.5 m
summer
pink-purple
full sun to shade
moist, mesic, well-drained
Moderately drought tolerant
The berries are an important food source for birds, and the plant provides shelter for small animals. The large flowers are a great early-season nectar source for bees and other pollinators.
sandy, loamy
A great shrub for moist, shaded areas. It is found in Ontario (primarily in the southern parts of the province) and is found naturally in Ontario and Quebec and into northeastern U.S. It naturally grows in moist, wooded habitats and along woodland edges and stream banks. It spreads by underground stems. Not recommended for small gardens due to its spreading habit. Due to its spreading habit, it can help with erosion control on slopes or disturbed areas. Grows best in partial shade but tolerates full sun if adequate moisture is provided. It thrives with consistent moisture but will tolerate slightly drier conditions once established.
48
Salix discolor
Pussy Willow
Salicaceae
4 m
early to mid spring
catkins
full sun, part shade
moist
NO
It is a larval host plant for Mourning Cloak and Viceroy. It is browsed by rodents. Catkins are a vital early-season food source for bees and other pollinators. Male catkins are especially valuable for their pollen. Provides shelter and browse for birds and small mammals.
sandy, loamy, clay
The most common of the willow species in North America. This shrub or small tree is well-known for its soft, silvery catkins that appear in early spring, often before the leaves emerge. It grows best in wet areas and along shorelines, it is dioecious (male and female on separate plants). You can cut the stems and they will produce roots.
49
Sambucus canadensis
Black Elderberry
Caprifoliaceae
3 m
early summer
white
full sun, part shade
moist, well-drained, tolerates flooding
No (but can tolerate short periods of drought)
Provides nectar for pollinators and berries for over 50 bird species. Also supports mammals.
sandy, cloamy, clay
Found throughout southern and central Ontario, primarily in regions south of the Canadian Shield. It naturally grows along forest edges, streambanks, in wet meadows and swamps and lowland areas. This plant spreads by root suckers. It is a great option for pond edges and wet sites. It is a highly valued shrub for its ecological, medicinal, and culinary uses. Raw black elderberries contain cyanogenic glycosides and lectins, which can cause stomach upset. These compounds are neutralized by cooking. The berries, once cooked, are a popular ingredient in jams, jellies, preserves, juices, wine, pies and desserts. The flowers can also be cooked and used. A great option for naturalization planting, riparian planting, and wildlife gardens. Often planted along streams or slopes to stabilize soil/control erosion.
50
Sambucus racemosa
Red Elderberry
Caprifoliaceae
3 m
mid to late spring
white
full sun, part shade
mesic, well-drained
No
supports birds and pollinators
sandy, loamy, clay, rich, well-drained
It grows across Ontario and much of northeastern to central North American. It naturally grows in forest edges, moist woodlands, and streambanks. It prefers moist, well-drained soil and partial to full sun but tolerates a variety of conditions. The plants spread by root suckers. It does well in part shade. High organic matter enhances growth, so incorporating compost or leaf mulch is beneficial to the plant. It has small, creamy-white flowers form conical clusters (panicles) in spring and bright red berries ripen in early summer. It is highly attractive to many species of birds. Provides early-season nectar and pollen for pollinators. A suitable option for naturalized plantings, riparian buffers, and restoration projects. A good shade-tolerant understory shrub option. The berries of Red Elderberry are technically edible, but require proper preparation and caution due to their raw toxicity.
51
Spiraea alba
Narrow- leaved Meadowsweet
Rosaceae
1 m
summer
white
full sun, part shade
mesic, moist, wet
no
nectar source for bees, beetles & butterflies
sandy, loamy, clay
Generally grows along water but also on higher ground, spreads by suckering. Known for its showy clusters of white flowers. Dry, small seed capsules develop after flowering.
52
Spiraea tomentosa
Steeplebush
Rosaceae
1 m
summer
pinkish-purple
full sun, part shade
moist
no
Attracts bees, butterflies, and other pollinators with its nectar-rich flowers.
sandy, loamy, or clay soils as long as there is sufficient moisture, prefers acidic
A native deciduous shrub known for its beautiful spiky pink/purplish flower clusters. Pink to purplish flower clusters appear in summer, forming dense, steeple-like spikes. Generally grows along water but also on higher ground. Ideal for rain gardens, bog gardens, naturalized areas, or in wetland gardens. It spreads by suckering.
54
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Cranberry
Ericaceae
trailing
early summer
white-pink
full sun, part shade
wet, boggy
No
A nectar source for insects and fruit is eaten by birds and mammals.
peaty, sandy, acidic
A low-growing, evergreen shrub native to northern North America, including parts of southern Ontario. It naturally grows in sphagnum bogs, wetlands, and acidic, sandy soils, and cool, moist environments. It produces large fruit used as food by animals and people.
56
Vibernum dentatum
Arrowwood
Adoxaceae
3 m
late spring
creamy-white
full sun, part shade
mesic
NO
nectar source for insects, fruit is eaten by birds and mammals, larval host plant of Spring Azure
tolerant
attractive, multistemmed, rounded shrub that could be used for hedging
57
Vibernum lentago
Nannyberry
Adoxaceae
4 m
late spring
creamy-white
full sun, part shade
moist, mesic
moderately, once established
A nectar source for insects, fruit is eaten by birds and mammals. It is a larval host plant of Spring Azure.
sandy, loamy, clay, well-drained
A deciduous shrub native to eastern and central North America, including southern Ontario. It thrives in wooded areas, forest edges, and along streambanks, typically in moist, well-drained soils. It is known for its attractive clusters of white flowers, dark blue-black berries, and vivid fall foliage. It is a multi-stemmed shrub that can be used for hedging.
58
Viburnum trilobum
American Highbush Cranberry
Adoxaceae
4 m
late spring
white
full sun, part shade
moist, well-drained
No
A nectar source for insects and a larval host plant for the Spring Azure. The fruit is a food source for birds and small mammals.
sandy-loam, loamy, clay-loam, clay
Grows in southern Ontario and much of northern North American. Found in wetlands, along streams, in swamps and at forest edges. The attractive red fruit often persists well into the winter and is a food source for birds and mammals when more favoured fruit is in short supply.
59
Symphoricarpos albus
Common Snowberry
Caprifoliaceae
1 m
early summer
pink
full sun to part shade
moist, mesic, dry, well-drained
yes
food source for birds, mammals
sandy, loamy, clay, well-drained
A lower growing (3-5 ft tall) deciduous shrub native to North America, including southern Ontario. It can found in woodlands, forest edges, shrubs, and along streambanks. It is known for its white berries that persist through winter. These berries are toxic to humans but are an important food source for birds and small mammals during the winter. It spreads by root suckers. It is great for erosion control.
60
Cornus florida
Flowering Dogwood
Cornaceae
6 m
mid-spring
white
full sun, part-shade
moderate/mesic, moist, drained (not waterlogged
moderately, once established.
A nectar source for pollinators. Bright red berries mature in late summer and persist into winter. These berries are a vital food source for birds and other wildlife. Larval host plant to Spring Azure butterfly.
sandy, loamy, clay, rich, drained
Found naturally in the Carolinian Zone of southern Ontario and grows in woodland edges, forest clearings, riparian areas, and hill slopes. The tree produces small, greenish-yellow flowers surrounded by four large, showy bracts that are often mistaken for petals. Red drupes (berries) appear in late summer and are eaten by birds. Grows on forest edges, dry ridges, and floodplains. It is an identified species at risk in Ontario and is threatened due to habitat loss and dogwood anthracnose fungus.
It is a great addition to wildlife gardens, shade gardens, and woodland gardens. It also works well in hedgerows, shelterbelts, and naturalized areas.
61
Hypericum kalmianum
Kalm's St. John's wort
Hypericaceae
1m
summer
yellow
full sun, part-shade
moderate/mesic
yes
Attracts pollinators such as bees and butterflies. It also provides seeds for birds.
sandy, loamy, rocky, well-drained
Kalm's St. John's Wort is native to eastern North America, primarily found in parts of the Upper Midwest, Great Lakes region, and the Northeastern U.S. In Ontario, it occurs more commonly in the southern part of the province, particularly in sand dunes, prairies, and dry meadows.
It is a compact and rounded shrub. Bright yellow, star-shaped flowers with prominent stamens, usually appearing in mid to late summer (July to August).
Use in native plant gardens, wildflower meadows, and landscaping for its bright summer blooms and compact size.
Kalm’s St. John's Wort is monoecious, meaning it has both male and female reproductive parts in the same flower.
62
Lonicera canadensis
Fly Honeysuckle
Caprifoliaceae
1-2 m
spring
cream
shade, part-shade
moist, moderate, well-drained
moderately, once established
Attracts pollinators, hummingbirds, and birds that feed on the berries.
sandy, loamy, rich, well-drained, prefers slightly acidic to neutral pH
It is a beautiful, low-maintenance option for landscaping, particularly in naturalized or woodland gardens. It naturally grows in local forest edges, riparian zones, and other moist areas, where the soil remains damp but not overly saturated. Fly honeysuckle is excellent shade-tolerant option for naturalizing garden spaces or as part of a native plant garden.
It is monoecious, with both male and female flowers on the same plant, allowing for self-pollination. However, for better fruit set and genetic diversity, cross-pollination between different plants is ideal.
63
Prunus pumila
Sand Cherry
Rosaceae
2 m
spring
white
Full sun
dry. moderate, wet
Yes
Flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other insects. Fruits are eaten by birds, bears, and small mammals, while the dense thickets provide cover and nesting sites.
sandy, loamy, rocky, can thrive in nutrient poor conditions
It is a low-growing, hardy shrub native to North America, valued for its adaptability, showy flowers, and edible fruit. It is often found in sandy or rocky habitats and is used in landscaping for erosion control and ornamental purposes. It grows in sandy locations such as shorelines and dunes. Its extensive root system helps stabilize sandy or erodible soils.
It is monoecious and hermaphroditic, meaning that each flower contains both male (stamens) and female (pistils) reproductive organs. This allows a single plant to produce fruit without requiring a second plant of the opposite sex for pollination, though cross-pollination often improves fruit set and quality.
64
Ribes americanum
Wild Black Currant
Ribes
3-5 m
spring
white, green
shade, part shade
moist
supports pollinators and birds and other wildlife that feed on the berries
Grows in sedge meadows; open woods, streambanks, swamps, wet meadows, ravines
They turn red and gold in the fall. The fruit is a smooth rounded black berry.
65
Rubus idaeus
Wild Red Raspberry
Rosaceae
1 m
spring, summer
white
full sun, part shade
mesic, dry, well-drained
Yes, once established.
Flowers attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Berries are eaten by birds, deer, and small mammals.
sandy-loam, loamy, silty-loam, rich well-drained
A deciduous shrub that is widely distributed across Ontario, from the southern regions up into the boreal forest zones. It thrives in open or semi-open habitats, such as forest edges, clearings, roadsides, and disturbed areas. It’s particularly common in areas with well-drained soils and moderate to full sunlight. Wild red raspberry is resilient and can establish in less-than-ideal soils, such as disturbed areas or nutrient-poor soils. It produces edible red fruits that are highly valued for their sweet-tart flavor and nutritional benefits. Wild red raspberry’s adaptability allows it to colonize disturbed sites, making it a pioneer species in natural succession and an important plant for habitat restoration or native plant gardens. The spreading roots stabilize soil on slopes and disturbed areas.
66
Salix exigua
Sandbar Willow
Salicaceae
5 m
spring
yellow-green
full sun
prefers moist but tolerant
No
The male flowers provide pollen for bees. It's a larval host several butterflies including mourning cloak and tiger swallowtail. Dense thickets provide cover to many wildlife species and birds. Leave and twigs may be browsed on by wildlife.
Does well in moist sites and survives severe flooding. Not drought tolerant.
Sandbar willow is found naturally in southern and central Ontario regions where conditions are suitable and is widely spread across North America. It naturally grows on riverbanks and streamsides, wetlands and marsh edges, floodplains and lakeshores. The flowers are produced in catkins in late spring. It is dioecious (male and female on separate plants) to ensure viable seed production plant 3 or more. Great for shoreline stabilization due to its suckering growth habit.
67
Staphylea trifolia
Bladdernut
Staphyleaceae
6 m
spring, summer
white, yellow
shade, part shade
moist, well-drained
no
The fragrant flowers attract pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. The bladder-like fruit pods provide food for birds and small mammals, particularly in the winter when other food sources may be scarce.
sandy, loamy, clay-loam, rich
Native to eastern North America, including southern Ontario and found along streambanks, wooded slopes, mesic upland forests in ravines. Known for its distinctive bladder-like fruits and attractive flowers. The flowers appear in loose, drooping clusters and are small, white to pale pink flowers. The flowers are attractive to bees and other pollinators. The leaves are trifoliate (divided into three leaflets), which is where the species name trifolia comes from.
68
Viburnum acerifolium
Maple-leaved Viburnum
Adoxaceae
1-2 m
spring
white
shade, part shade
well-drained
Supports butterflies, bees and birds. Berries are eaten by birds and mammals.
dry soils
Grows to our local woodlands, forest edges and shady slopes across southern Ontario and much of eastern North America. Small, white to creamy-white flowers appear in flat-topped clusters in late spring to early summer. The flowers are not as showy as other viburnums but are attractive to pollinators. It has small clusters of purple berries (blue-black drupes) in the fall. The leaves are three-lobed, resembling those of a maple tree, hence the name. They are dark green in summer, turning yellow to red in the fall. Ideal for shaded or woodland gardens, where its compact size and attractive foliage make it an excellent groundcover or understory shrub. Its root system can help stabilize soil in shady or sloped areas.
69
Viburnum cassinoides
Witherod/Wild Raisin
Adoxaceae
3 m
spring, summer
white
full sun, part shade
wet to dry
moderately once established
Fruit attracts birds and mammals.
sandy-loam, loamy, clay
It is native to eastern Canada, including southern Ontario and thrives in wet meadows, swamps, along stream banks, and at the edges of forests. It is moderately drought-tolerant once established. Suitable for rain gardens or areas prone to seasonal flooding. With its berries that gradually change colour from green, to pink, to dark blue, and its vibrant fall color, it makes an attractive addition to mixed borders or hedgerows.
70
Xanthoxylum americanum
Prickly Ash
Rutaceae
8 m
spring
yellow, green
full sun, part shade
well-drained
Yes, once established.
Larval food source for the giant swallowtail. Birds and small mammals feed on the seeds.
sandy, loamy, rocky, well-drained
Native to eastern North America, including southern Ontario and much of eastern Canada. It grows in open woods, thickets, forest edges, fencerows, disturbed areas and rocky slopes. The flowers are dioecious, male and female flowers are borne on separate plants, both male and female plants are needed for fruit production. Woody stems and branches have sharp spines.
71
Viburnum rafinesquianum
Downy Arrowwood
Viburnum
5-8 feet
Spring
White
Part shade
Dry, Medium, Moist
Yes, once established.
Berries support wildlife and flowers support pollinators. Host plant to numerous butterflies and moths.
Clay, Loam, Sand
Native to southern Ontario, where it grows in open woodlands thickets, forest edges and rocky slopes. It is monoecious, meaning each shrub contain both male (stamens) and female (pistils) reproductive parts and so it can self-pollinate, though it usually relies on cross-pollination by insects for better fruit production. Foliage turns orange-red in late fall.
72
Acer spicatum
Mountain Maple
Sapindaceae
5 m
late spring, early summer
white, yellow
full sun, part-shade, shade
moist, normal, well-drained
no, requires consistently moist conditions
Produces small keys that are eaten by deer in the spring.
sandy-loam, loamy ,silty-loam, rocky, does well in slightly acidic
A small, shrubby deciduous tree native to eastern Canada, including the Great Lakes region. growing in mixed forests, streambanks, rocky slopes and shady understories. Its extensive root system stabilizes soil on slopes and streambanks. It can be planted for erosion control. A nice options for a shade tolerant smaller nice addition to a naturalization
73
Aralia spinosa
Devil's Walking Stick
Araliaceae
5 m
late summer
creamy-white
full sun, part-shade
moist to mesic
yes
Cross pollinated by bees. Berries are eaten by birds and mammals.
well-drained soil and tolerant of various soil types and wide pH tolerance
Native to south of Lake Erie but hardy to this zone, Grows in woodlands, fields and pastures, woodland edges and along streams in moist woods. Late summer flowers followed by black fruit. It has spiny stems and interesting compound foliage.
74
Chimaphila maculata
Spotted Pipsissewa/Striped Wintergreen
Ericaceae
15 cm
early summer
white
shade, part-shade
moderate/mesic, moist as long as it is well-drained
no
The flowers are often pollinated by bees, moths, and other insects.
prefers acidic sandy soil
It thrives in wooded areas, particularly in acidic, nutrient-poor soils. Found in sandy habitats and well-drained and mesic habitats/woodlands. Tolerant of acidic soil and shade. Has a creeping, mat-like growth habit.
an excellent choice for native shade gardens and forest gardens, especially in areas with acidic soil and dappled light.
It can be used as a groundcover in woodland or naturalized gardens, especially in acidic, nutrient-poor soils. Consider pairing it with Woodland Phlox, Wild Ginger, Jack-in-the-pulpit, Canada Mayflower.
75
Cornus rugosa
Round-leaved Dogwood
Cornaceae
3 m
early summer
white
shade, part-shade
moist, moderate, moderate-dry, well-drained
Moderately drought tolerant once established
The berries are a critical food source for birds and small mammals in late summer and fall. Attracts bees, butterflies, and other pollinators to its flowers. Larval host plant for the Spring Azure butterfly.
sandy, loamy, clay, well-drained
It's a woodland understory shrub found in Ontario wooded areas, streambanks, moist slopes and upland forests. It prefers dappled sunlight and woodland edges.
Ideal for naturalized plantings, hedgerows, or wildlife gardens.
Produces small, bluish drupes in late summer, surrounded by a red stalk. It is monoecious, meaning that each individual plant produces both male (stamens) and female (pistils) reproductive parts and are capable of self pollination but cross pollination results in better seed and fruit production.
76
Juniperus communis
Common Juniper/Ground Juniper
Cupressaceae
1.5 m
early spring
small cones
full sun
dry, moderate/mesic, well-drained
yes
The berries are an important food source for birds and mammals, such as waxwings, grouse, and deer. The dense foliage provides shelter and nesting sites for small animals and birds.
sandy, loamy, rocky. tolerant of poor-nutrient soils, well-drained
Widespread native range across Canada. It is an extremely hardy shrub, it is cold tolerant as well as heat and humidity tolerant. It grows best in full sun with medium moisture. Common in rocky hillsides, open woodlands, forest edges, and grasslands.
Its ability to grow in poor soils and its spreading habit make it valuable for stabilizing slopes and preventing erosion.
Use in rock gardens, hedgerows, and wildlife gardens. Highly drought-tolerant once established, making it ideal for xeriscaping and areas with low water availability. Common juniper is dioecious, meaning that male and female cones are produced on separate plants. Both male and female plants are needed for berry production.
77
Myrica pensylvanica
Bayberry
Myricaceae
2-3 m
spring
non-showy male and female catkins on separate shrubs
full sun, part-shade
wet-moderate, moderate/mesic, dry-moderate, can tolerate temporary flooding
moderately, once established.
The small flowers are pollinated by insects. The waxy berries are consumed by birds, including birds and small mammals.
sandy, loamy, clay. Will tolerate poor soil. Salt-tolerant.
A hardy, deciduous shrub native to northeastern North America. Native in the Great Lakes region, northeastern U.S., and parts of eastern Canada. It is known for its aromatic leaves, waxy berries, and its ability to thrive in coastal and disturbed environments .Found in fields and open areas, open forests. When planted in ideal condition, this shrub may sucker easily and form colonies.
The small flowers are pollinated by insects, though they are not particularly showy.
Northern bayberry has attractive foliage, fragrant leaves, and unique berries that provide visual interest. Its dense root system makes it effective for stabilizing sandy soils and preventing erosion.
Northern bayberry is dioecious, meaning male and female flowers are found on separate plants. To produce fruit (berries), both male and female plants are needed for pollination.
78
Juniperus horizontalis
Creeping Juniper
Cupressaceae
45 cm
early spring
small, inconspicuous flowers
full sun
Dry
yes
Berry-like cones provide food for animals.
sandy, gravelly, well-drained. Prefers open sites that are sandy and/or rocky. Intolerant of poor drainage.
Creeping juniper is native to northeastern North America, including Canada (such as Ontario and Quebec) and parts of the northeastern United States. A blue-green foliage. Can make a nice groundcover for a tough-to-grow site. It has a ground-hugging, spreading form with branches that trail and root along the soil, forming a dense mat. It has separate male and female plants (dioecious). Male plants produce small pollen cones while the female plants produce small, blue-black berry-like cones.
It produces small, blue to bluish-purple cones (juniper berries), which are technically modified cones, not true berries.
79
Spiraea latifolia
Broad-leaved Meadowsweet
Rosaceae
1.5 m
summer
white
full sun, part-shade
normal, moist, wet
no
Flowers provide nectar and pollen for bees, butterflies, and other pollinators.
sandy, loamy, clay
Native in northeastern parts of North American and across Ontario. This shrub is quite adaptable from dry sandy woods to swamps and lakeshores. Roots help stabilize soil in wetland areas. Ideal for rain gardens, naturalized plantings, and wetland restoration projects. Works well in mixed borders or as a hedge in moist, sunny areas.
80
Shepherdia canadensis
Canada Soapberry/Canada Buffaloberry
Elaeagnaceae (Oleaster)
2 m
spring
green-yellow
full sun, part-shade
normal, dry, moderately moist
moderately
Berries provide food for birds, bears, and other wildlife. The shrub offers shelter for small animals.
sandy, rocky, acidic to slightly alkaline
A hardy, deciduous shrub native to North America. Found primarily in the northern, central, and eastern parts of Ontario, particularly in the Boreal Forest Region in open, rocky areas and slopes and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Region in drier, rocky soils in upland areas. It is valued for its adaptability, bright red berries, and importance to wildlife. It grows in open woods, forest edges, sandy or gravelly riverbanks, rocky shores, rock outcrops. Ideal for xeriscaping, naturalized plantings, or erosion control on slopes. Male and female flowers are on separate plants (dioecious).
Species (Botanical)
Common Name(s)
Family
Avg. Height
Blooming Time
Colour
Amount of Sunlight
Moisture Pref.
Drought Tolerance
Wildlife Associations
Soil Pref\'s
Remarks
wdt_ID:
Image:
Species (Botanical):
Common Name(s):
Family:
Avg. Height:
Blooming Time:
Colour:
Amount of Sunlight:
Moisture Pref.:
Drought Tolerance:
Wildlife Associations:
Soil Pref\'s:
Remarks:
Details:
Winterberry
Meadowsweet
Nannyberry
Witch Hazel
Saskatoon Serviceberry
Chokeberry
Eastern Redbud
American Mountain-ash
Kalm’s St John’s Wort
Ninebark
Buttonbush
Red Elderberry
Red Osier Dogwood
Wild Rose
Pagoda Dogwood
Smooth Arrowwood
Sweet Gale
Canada Plum
Purple Flowering Raspberry
Black Elderberry
Fragrant Sumac (fall foliage)
Canada Plum
Indigo Bush
Bladdernut
Chokecherry
SHRUBS, Planned for 2025 – Being overwintered and/or seeded
